Migraines
The Treatment of Migraine with Variable Frequency Photo-Stimulation
D.J. Anderson, B.Sc., M.B., B.S.Synopsis
Variable Frequency Photo-stimulation (VFP) goggles are a form of portable stroboscope, using red Light Emitting Diodes to alternately illuminate the right and left eyes, with the eyelids closed, at a rate of 0.5 to 50 Hz. VFP goggles were used in the treatment of 7 patients with migraine headache. Of 50 migraine headaches recorded, 49 were rated by the patient as being helped and 36 as being stopped by using the VFP goggles. Treatment reduced the median duration of headache in all patients. The interval between migraine headaches appeared to be increased in the two cases with a follow up of more than 18 months. We conclude in this preliminary study that VFP appears to be effective in the treatment of migraine. (Headache 29:154-55, 1989).
Introduction
VFP goggles consist of a pair of goggles, similar to swimming goggles, using red Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to alternately illuminate the right and left eyes, with the eyelids closed, at a rate of 0.5 to 50 Hz per eye. The eyelids are closed because the LEDs used have a narrow angle of illumination (70°) and the eyelids act to diffuse the light. The goggles are connected to a small battery powered control box by means of which the user can control the frequency and intensity of illumination. The mark space ratio is 50% independent of frequency. The light output from the LEDs is adjustable in the range of 10 to 500 millicandela. A pilot study was carried out using VFP on 7 patients in conjunction with the Pain Clinic at Coleraine Hospital, The Psychology Department at The Queen Elizabeth Military Hospital and a North Yorkshire General Practice.
Method
The patients all presented with long-standing migraine headaches. Migraine was diagnosed using the definition of Blau. "Episodic headache lasting from 2 to 72 hours with total freedom between attacks. The headaches must be associated with visual or gastrointestinal disturbance or both. The visual symptoms occur as an aura before and/or photophobia during the headache phase. If there are no visual but alimentary disturbances, then vomiting must feature in some attacks."
Patients were questioned as to their previous history of migraine and only those with a history of at least five years were included. Any patient with a history of epilepsy was excluded as a precaution, it being known that epileptic fits can be provoked by stroboscopic light. Underlying pathology was excluded by physical examination. No patient had achieved satisfactory control of symptoms with drug therapy. Patients were given a pair of VFP goggles to take away and their use was explained. They were asked to use them at the onset of their symptoms and to adjust the frequency and intensity of illumination for comfort. The patient's informed consent was obtained. They were asked to keep record of their headache activity and use of the VFP goggles together with the effect the VFP goggles had. Follow up was then arranged. Two patients have been followed up for over two years.
Results
7 patients (5 female, 2 male) aged 26 to 57 years (median 42 years) were treated with the VFP goggles. The median time since the first migraine headache was 20 years (range 8 to 45 years). Median migraine frequency was 6 per month (range 1 per day to 1 per month).
50 migraines were recorded. 49 of these were rated by the patient as being "helped" by using the VFP goggles. 36 of the migraines were rated as being "stopped" by using the VFP goggles.
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Median duration of use of the VFP goggles was 30 minutes (range 5 to 60 minutes). The reported median duration of the migraine headaches without treatment was 6 hours (range 4 to 48 hours). The median duration of migraine headache using the VFP goggles was 35 minutes (range 5 minutes to 6 hours). A Wilcoxon matched pairs test was carried out to compare this data. The reduction in duration of migraine headache was significant within this small group (P>0.02).
Clearly further studies of a larger group would be required to confirm these findings. The interval between successive migraine headaches was calculated in the two cases with a follow up of more than 18 months (Figure 1). It would appear that there may be a trend of increasing intervals between migraines with repeated use of the goggles. No adverse reactions were reported. The patients described the effect of using the VFP goggles as calming and relaxing.
Comment
A preliminary report of a study of slow wave photic stimulation in the treatment of headache reported relief of muscle contraction headaches but no relief of migraine. The Dzidra Glass in that trial was used for 5 minutes and the author speculated that longer treatment periods might improve results. The findings described in this present study suggest that longer treatment periods are effective in the treatment of migraine headache, patients using the VFP goggles for a median period of 30 minutes.
Other factors may have contributed to the difference in findings. The Dzidra Glass operates in the frequency range of 1 to 3 Hz, whilst the VFP goggles operate in the frequency range of 0.5 to 50 Hz. Patients report using the VFP goggles in the higher frequency range, and that relief is more rapid when they do so.
Patients tended to use the VFP goggles at the brightest setting. At one stage a set of VFP goggles producing a lower intensity of illumination was substituted in two of the cases. Both reported an increase in the time taken to stop the migraine headaches. When the higher intensity of illumination model was used again, relief took a shorter time.
The patient controls the frequency and intensity of illumination and this is a factor which should be investigated further.
The mechanism of action of the VFP goggles on migraine headaches remains unknown. Red stroboscopic light tends to produce rapid and powerful alpha brain rhythms in the occipital cortex. The VFP goggles have a similar effect. (Anderson unpublished observations.) Alpha enhancement autogenic training has been used in the treatment of migraineurs with a reduction in the number of migraine headaches per week but with no change in the intensity, duration or disability of headache. A causal relationship between the induction of occipital alpha rhythm and the stopping of a migraine headache once started has not been established.
This pilot study showed good efficacy for the VFP goggles in the treatment of migraine headache in a limited number of patients. Clearly further studies are required to confirm this preliminary study in a placebo controlled manner.
Acknowledgments: Thanks are due to Dr. W.J. Love and Dr. A.D. Mone for permission to include results from their patients in this paper and to Dr. P. Canfield for his valuable advice.
References
Blau JN: Towards a definition of migraine headache. Lancet 1:444-445, 1984.Solomon GD: Slow wave photic stimulation in the treatment of headache -- a preliminary study. Headache 25:444-446, 1985.
Lewis D: The alpha plan. London, Methuen, 1986, p 26.
Cohen MJ, McArthur DL, Rickles WH: Comparison of four biofeedback treatments for migraine headache; physiological and headache variables. Psychosomatic Med 42:463-480, 1980.
What is a Migraine?
Migraine is a form of headache which is severe and usually one sided, frequently associated with nausea and vomiting. This is sometimes preceded by warning symptoms which usually affect the eyesight and are known as an "aura".
Symptoms
People sometimes feel not quite right prior to a migraine, e.g., depressed, unusually happy or hungry, and in addition may suffer from visual changes, e.g., flashing, zig-zag lines, or a blind spot. Sometimes the symptoms are even more extreme. The headache is usually one sided although it is not invariably the same side. Quite quickly nausea and vomiting may follow. The bowels may also be affected and in children sometimes there is no headache but abdominal pain instead.
Causes
Each person is different but there are some "trigger" factors which are commonly involved:
- Tiredness
- Physical Exhaustion
- Stress
- Climatic Change
- Hormones
- Foods (Caffeine, Cheese, Chocolate, Red Wine)
Headache Treatment
By Ruth Olmstead, Ph.D. and Aaron B. Kaufman, D.O.In the treatment of headaches using light and sound stimulation therapy we have noticed a number of interesting occurrences during treatment. Injury based headaches often dissipate more quickly than headaches or migraines due to other etiologies.
Following changes in the right/left visual field during therapy we have been able to chart progress and conjecture about the cause of the headache. Monitoring changes in patient reports of visual field integration we have been able to alter medications, decreasing doses appropriately as change occurs. We have observed that as visual field discrepancies clear, headaches become less intense and less frequent and often dissipate completely.
When the cause of the headaches is unknown we may look at the emotional circumstances of the patient's life, past and present. It is not uncommon to see a slight increase in headache frequency during treatment if old memories or unresolved trauma surface. The patient may appear to be more emotionally unstable and reactive before headaches decrease.
Occasionally light and sound stimulation can trigger anxiety, sometimes accompanied by memories. The experiencing of the anxiety is the key to its resolution. The result is a calmer, less reactive and more emotionally stable individual. The headache is no longer an unconscious defense for the unresolved anger or fear.
We have noted concomitant maladies such as asthma, high blood pressure, insomnia and chronic fatigue frequently dissipate as the patient becomes less emotionally reactive.
